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CJC-1295 references and the cited study list

Every study cited across this digest, with its DOI and PubMed link. The CJC-1295 evidence base is small; here it is in full, so each claim can be checked at the source.

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How to read this CJC-1295 reference list

These are the CJC-1295 references behind every quantitative claim on this site, listed below with DOIs and PubMed identifiers. The core human evidence is two Phase-1 pharmacokinetic studies (Teichman 2006 [1]; Ionescu/Frohman 2006 [2]) and a proteomics note (Sackmann-Sala 2009 [3]); the design rationale comes from a rat bioconjugate study (Jette 2005 [6]) and a knockout-mouse growth study (Alba 2006 [7]).

The remaining entries supply context — the IGF-1/cancer epidemiology [4], IGF-1 muscle signaling [5], half-life-extension chemistry [8], secretagogue and pulsatility findings [9] [10] [11] [12] [14], the tesamorelin benchmark [13], and a 2025 Nature Reviews Endocrinology synthesis of GHRH analogues [15]. Where a citation supports a number, that number carries its bracketed marker in the text above; nothing here is uncited.

  1. Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, Gagnon C, Castaigne JP, Frohman LA. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(3):799-805. ↗
  2. Ionescu M, Frohman LA. Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(12):4792-4797. ↗
  3. Sackmann-Sala L, Ding J, Frohman LA, Kopchick JJ. Activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis by CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, results in serum protein profile changes in normal adult subjects. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2009;19(6):471-477. ↗
  4. Renehan AG, Zwahlen M, Minder C, O'Dwyer ST, Shalet SM, Egger M. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Lancet. 2004;363(9418):1346-1353. ↗
  5. Yoshida T, Delafontaine P. Mechanisms of IGF-1-mediated regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy. Cells. 2020;9(9):1970. ↗
  6. Jette L, Leger R, Thibaudeau K, Benquet C, Robitaille M, Pellerin I, et al. Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats: identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analog. Endocrinology. 2005;146(7):3052-3058. ↗
  7. Alba M, Fintini D, Sagazio A, Lawrence B, Castaigne JP, Frohman LA, Salvatori R. Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;291(6):E1290-E1294. ↗
  8. Piche C, Lavoie C, Castaigne JP, et al. PEGylation of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRF) analogues. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2003;55(10):1255-1267. ↗
  9. Growth hormone secretagogue treatment in hypogonadal men raises serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels. Am J Mens Health. 2017;11(6):1782-1788. ↗
  10. Steiger A, Guldner J, Hemmeter U, et al. Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin on sleep EEG and nocturnal hormone secretion in normal men. Neuroendocrinology. 1992;56(4):566-573. ↗
  11. Ghrelin and growth hormone (GH) secretagogues potentiate GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)-induced GH secretion. Endocrinology. 2002. ↗
  12. Greater efficacy of episodic than continuous growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) administration on GH release. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(3). ↗
  13. Stanley TL, Feldpausch MN, Oh J, et al. Effect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312(4):380-389. ↗
  14. Differential pulsatile secretagogue control of GH secretion in healthy men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2013. ↗
  15. Granata R, Leone S, Zhang X, Gesmundo I, et al. Growth hormone-releasing hormone and its analogues in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2025;21(3):180-195. ↗